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Friday, December 30, 2011

The Erleigh and Milne Fraud, 1946




Monument of the "Aaandenk" borehole, Allanridge. 
(close to Odendaalsrus)


The Erleigh and Milne Saga  

THE ERLEIGH AND MILNE fraud involved salting of assay results from a borehole commissioned by Harry Oppenheimer of the Anglo American Corporation. Evidently the fraud was not something mine owners and engineers wished to crow about and very little is known about where exactly the borehole was sunk. The names of Messrs. Early and Milne are nowhere mentioned in glossy mine brochures but according to my own researches many years ago at least one of these gentleman crooks made a comeback and name for himself in mining in the Free State. Other than that, the fraud itself is scrubbed from institutional memory and one certainly will finds reference in the history records of the various mining houses involved.  Not least those published by the Anglo American Corporation.

Many people are of the opinion that the famous borehole sunk on the farm Aandenk, close to Allanridge was the borehole in question where this magnificent fraud was perpetrated. But this is due to oral history being recalled with shifting intentions and substance. The Aandenk borehole was sunk in 1933. The Erleigh and Milne borehole was sunk in 1946. The importance of the Aandenk borehole was that it was the first to strike gold bearing reefs of the Witwatersrand system in the Free State. After a spate of more boreholes the first productive result was the development of a mine close to Welkom, St. Helena, already in operation before World War II. But the fraud was not the first event to have triggered massive prospecting for gold in the old Orange Free State and Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. In the late 1880s, concurrent to the discovery of the Witwatersrand outcrop in Johannesburg, gold bearing outcrops were discovered in the Klerksdorp area which drew prospectors and small scale miners from all over the world. To give an idea of the scale of the gold rushes, one could count the number of taverns close to any place where miners were housed, digging for nothing on their own account, or who could drink up wages as small diggings merged into major operations controlled by the mining corporations.

After World War II there already was a hive of activity by 1946. This was a time when Wicks Bubble Gum, Ford motor vehicles and Cracker Jax came on the market as  imports from the USA. As kids we would chant, “nothing bigger than in Texas except gold mining and road building!” Like the earlier city of Johannesburg, the early Free Styate had much of the veneer of an American pioneer mining villages and towns around the sprouting gold mines. The Free State, and Odendaalsrus as initial hub, was bustling with activity, the building of roads, erecting of huge modern shaft towers, water trucked in from any close by river source, and of course housing for workers.  The fight between human greed and nature was on. As the gold mining industry became big and powerful with financial anchoring in the London Stock Exchange Rand Lords emerged bigger and stronger and had their head quarters and clubs in Johannesburg. Men of the ilk of Cecil John Rhodes, Barney Barnato, as well as mercenaries like Leander Starr Jameson, hireling of Rhodes left deep tracks in the development of South Africa. After Rhodes’ attempt to steal the entire Witwatersrand with the Jameson Raid the British went into all-out war against the two Boer Republics and in the end exhausted their Empire from undertaking any more such aggressive adventures.  

So these times, the mid 1940s, were interesting times for a youngster and two bothers to play around with adventures of a gold mine, a world which seemed to make little sense at face value. The huge rock dumps arising led to speculation and long chats among us kids after being put to bed. Discussing questions like: “how big must that hole be to make such a huge dump of broken rock!?.” I was six, my brother Odiel a year older than I, and Jerry then still an unwelcome toddler who had to be looked after on our adventures climbing mine dumps, explorations of the wilds between Odendaalsrus and Welkom. Poor little guy. He was barely four years old and had to enlist the aid of our mother to enforce the older brothers to take him along to wherever and not be nasty to him. That was then okay, but then the arguments about who had to piggy back him on the way back home after a whole day adventure in the open veldt invariably led to fights between the two brothers and a bawling little Jerry Schuitema.

Moving on from, Blyvooruitzicht where my father previously worked, we lived in a small village made up of about 300 matchbox-type cottages close to Odendaalsrus, in the mining camp called Freddies. My father was hardly visible most of the day and when he did pitch for dinner after an long shift underground, mostly totally worn out and wishing only to go to sleep. But to our delight other times time he was off to a prearranged drinking party in one or other underground colleague’s cottage. We tagged along and remarkably were tolerated. As long as we kept our mouths shut and told mother no stories. Here we only needed to listen to learn by stealth about the workings underground, gory details of fatal accidents, and best of all, listening to heated political discussions. My father was often the subject of these discussions because he had “joined up” to fight with the British against the Germans in World War II. All sorts of language peppered meaning to new words we were hearing. My father was often tackled by his Afrikaner mates as a “Bloed Sap”, (a JC Smuts adherent), sometimes called just plain stupid and a “volks verraaier” (“people's traitor”). But the contradiction was that even as my father defended himself against these acrimonious attacks, he was elected the Mine workers Union's (all white at that time) as a shaft steward.

And also strangely enough on one topic there was total unanimity. Messrs. Erleigh and Milne were regarded as Robin Hood-type heroes. They crooked the rich British and got away with mild jail sentences, were not subjected to “asset forfeiture”, and lived princely lives in prison because they could buy off warders or whoever else mattered. Some rough and soundly drunk miners thought that this fraud by the two gentlemen crooks was vengeance for the planned but failed theft of the Boer Republics instigated by the owner of the JCI, which was also owner of Freddies Gold Mine, Barney Barnoto. One story stronger than the alcohol being consumed, had one miner telling that Barnato was drown at sea after being shoved off a ship by an unknown Afrikaner hero.

It is a truism that each generation writes its own history as perceptions change and the vagaries of history cause new fault lines in social structures, or new institutional dumping of memory as conditions change.  In the end only the perceptions remain and substance gets dissolved along the way. Erleigh and Milne are rubbed out from history and certainly no memoir of whoever would find it opportune to go into ther life stories. It was, however, with the older miners, of my own age whom I incidentally met years, decades later where the Erleigh and Milne story still has traction. My own opinion (nothing more) was that once the Freddies Gold Mine closed down soon after my father could boast of having set a new speed record for sinking of the mine largest shaft on the earth, as a direct consequence of the Erleigh and Milne fraud. They had sent the owners of the mine, Johannesburg Consolidated Investments (JCI) on a wild goose chase, to sink and start developing a mine only to find nothing.   Not so, said another. Freddies was not the victim, but the JCI itself. And, according to this Boer, the trick was played out not by Early and Milne, but the Anglo American who soon after opened hugely profitable mines barely a mile away.

What happened to Early and Milne? When the National Party took power in 1948 they were unconditionally released from prison. Erliegh bought a property in the Karoo and established the largest horse breeding stud in Africa. In this respect he outdid Cecil John Rhodes not by establishing a railway line from Cape to Cairo, but enough riding horses to achieve the same, albeit much slower result! 
                 



Click here to find out more!


From Time Magazine, April 29th 1946:


The greatest gold rush since the Klondike was on last week. But most of the prospectors were the slick, sharp-eyed speculators of the London and Johannesburg stock exchanges. In the "kaffir circuses"—the usually cautious sections of the exchanges where South African gold stocks are traded—the market value of Orange Free State shares zoomed $100,000,000 in 48 hours.
The unprecedented boom grew beanstalk-fast from a 3,022-ft.-deep borehole in a cornfield near the dusty little village of Odendaalsrus, southwest of Johannesburg on the Free State's sandy veld. A Canadian engineer, G. W. Hicks, employed by Diamond Tycoon Sir Ernest Oppenheimer's Western Holdings and Blinkpoort companies, brought up the diamond-drilled ore core. It assayed 62.6 oz. of gold to the ton—33 times as rich as the phenomenally prosperous Blyvooruitzicht mine, 120 times better than Canada's best.
Said the slightly dazed Hicks: "When I took the core from the drill, I could see we had struck something pretty good, but I had no idea it was so fabulously rich." Hicks drilled his golden hole on a farm called "My Annie," owned by 28-year-old Gerhardus Johannes Rheeder, who— like most Boer farmers—had long ago sold his mineral rights for a fraction of today's inflated values.
The strike climaxed years of only moderately successful drilling in the Oden-daalsrus vicinity, may—if the rest of the reef bears out the first core's promise—prove an old geological theory. Geologists have long guessed that Johannesburg's famed, rich Witwatersrand and its wealthy western extension are part of a prehistoric geological basin whose opposite curve cuts beneath the Odendaalsrus district and could produce a similar bonanza.
As Western Holdings shares jumped from 72 to 105 shillings and Blinkpoort from 32 to 80, one thing seemed sure—the strike would produce no influx of motley adventurers, only a brief land boom for Free State farmers. Established companies hold mineral rights or options on almost all of the fertile grainlands, and there are few surface outcrops. If, as some Canadian and London experts warned that it might, the single borehole assay proved a fluke, thousands of speculators and small investors might see millions in paper profits disappear as fast as a summer shower on the parched Orange Free State fields.   

(One can no longer find this article on the 'net)
Gold: A pinch of salt (Time Magazine 3rd October, 1949):

When assayers announced an incredibly rich gold strike in the Orange Free State last June, the shares of Joseph Milne's Free State Gold Areas, Ltd., which had made the drilling, nearly tripled in price on Johannesburg's stock exchange. Milne's paper profits were estimated at from $8 million to $20 million (TIME, June 27) on what was called the richest gold strike in South African history. But the boom collapsed when a police-supervised test showed that the ore was only a fraction as rich as the three previous tests had showed.

The South African government, which was preparing to try Milne...

Gold: Free State Fiasco (Time Magazine June 27 1949)

On Erfdeel farm in the Orange Free State three weeks ago, a mining engineer hauled up a drill-core laden with ore from a 6,000-ft. test borehole. In Johannesburg Essayists announced that on the basis of the sample, the gold ore under Erfdeel ("Inheritance") farm might be worth as much as $18,000 a ton. It was the richest strike in South Africa's golden history, and on South African and London exchanges it touched off the wildest boom in gold shares in years.
No shares soared as fast as those of Free State Gold Areas, Ltd.,...

Read more: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800480,00.html#ixzz1i2u0jvyY



Saturday, December 10, 2011

Newlands Ex-miners Oral History Meetings



A Sunday oral history meeting in Chris Hani Village, Newlands (Naruni)

Newlands Mine veterans on the move!

Last year,2009, a team of Jubilee activists working in conjunction with Khanya College gave no less that 53 two-day seminars on “financialization and women”. These were spread country wide with four of these concentrated in Naruni. Remarkably this feat was achieved in two months (October - November 2009) at minimum cost. The objective was to build cadres in their own community settings with a minimum suggestion that they meet regularly as study groups for which Khanya College would supply study materials.  

Some of the spin offs from the seminars require special comment and more especially the mobilization of mine veterans in the Naruni area. (Naruni, more popularly known as Newlands, not to be confused with Newlands in Cape Town. The rural area is adjacent to Mdantsane in East London). At each of the seminars, held over a weekend there were in the order of 60 participants evenly divided by gender and age.

The mine veterans had come to the seminar either straight from a traditional meeting or a church meeting, mostly dressed in their Sunday best. They were very vocal about deteriorating conditions in all ten villages making up Newlands. Despite the slavery conditions which they had to endure throughout the prime of their lives, their main concern was not so much their own pain and suffering, but the social and environmental degradation impacting on their communities.  

Many attributed their work on the mines as being pressed into service by the “government”. Some had a more sober view and regarded their working on the mines as “business” in order to access money to build up their homesteads and buy cattle. Most agree that when they were home during their contracts, mostly not longer than 9 months, they did not “work” but lived uBuntu by the plough and played their vital roles in building their communities.

So vibrant are these observations that it was decided to continue these study group meetings once per week, on Sundays. At each meeting one veteran tells of his life experiences. This is recorded in printed form, with pictures, and prepared for a more extended discussion at the next study group meeting. At the same time each week some 50 copies of the printed oral history are handed out to be distributed by the respective veteran himself to encourage more to attend future study groups.   

This approach is having a remarkable impact. Extended family members of the veterans attend and word of the oral history project is running far ahead than what we are currently able to cope with. There are now 7 mine veteran study groups over the vast area of Newlands.

Apart from the retrieving of mine veteran oral history as being most valuable heritage material, the mine veterans themselves see their main goal as taking up a reconstruction task by overcoming dashed expectations of the “RDP” since 1994.But the heritage interest is not to be shrugged off. Most of the mine veterans are of the age group born in 1940 to 1950. They carry with them the story of gold mining in South Africa, information on gold mining between the critical years 1971 to 1982 when labour on the mines became unionised.

Berend Schuitema

















Monday, December 5, 2011

Community Policing: Quigney Voice February 2007





The last Quigney Voice before it was banned 








Sunday, December 4, 2011

Marshals Peace Corps: A N C / U N D P (1995)


Summary

Members of the street and area committees that functioned autonomously in the townships during the unrest peaking in the mid 1980's, were integrated into branch structures of the ANC. This was not the case for members of the liberation army, who maintained their own structures until the MK structure was disbanded in December 1993. The marshals were not totally integrated into political branch structures, but were organized under a parallel hierarchy from branch level upwards. When it was decided by the ANC leadership to disband MK, a decision was taken that the marshal structures would be maintained and trained for community policing and development tasks in the framework of the Reconstruction and Development Plan. 

Soon after the 1994 elections there was an eery lull and the undertakings regarding the marshals left on the back burner. The leadership of the Eastern Cape and Northwest marshal structures came together and made supplication at Shell House (ANC Head Quarters) for progress. They were given the go-ahead to design their own plan for the future. This they did by staying in touch with members of the United Nations Observer Mission South Africa (UNOMSA) and were soon taken in under the wing of the UNDP.

After a number of years of development plans the Northwest Premier decided to take over the marshals funding and devote it to his Adult Basic Education and Training Department (ABET). The marshal structures were disbanded.

_____________________________________ 
  






















Thursday, December 1, 2011

The Pluto Platform



Bodegraven Church

Most of the narrative writing on the origin of the Dutch Anti Apartheid Movement (AABN) outline its history as having commenced with its amalgamation between the Comite Zuid Afrika (CZA) and a loosely defined student group of upstart students. Sometimes this is portrayed as having been an aggressive “takeover” of the CZA by a group of rebels from the "socialist" Gemeentelijke Universiteit Amsterdam. Given the character and scale of student rebellions impacting on almost all main universities in Europe and the US trepidations among many observers were understandable. While tens of thousands partook in marches and demonstrations on the streets, and radical actions like the occupations at Universities were the order of the day, outside observers stood in awe of these establishment-shaking events and looked on in dismay as an old world order seemed to be collapsing around them. Yes, these were the 1960s, flowering in the early 1970s with many present day grey-haired academics claiming part of the action and even authorship of the massive social movement that exploded four decades ago. While  it is true that there were many social writers whose ideas became fashionable and had catalytic effects, these were not by design to prefigure "revolution". Many critiques of both western capitalism and eastern communism were spot on and fed into, rather than caused the revolutionary upsurges. Jean Paul Sartre was going out of fashion, and what became known as the critical theorists (Frankfurter Schule) had great impact. Revolution was upon us, plain and simple, much like the Arab spring of yesteryear. However, like can be expected from subsequent social upwellings, including the fall of Apartheid, revolution anywhere soon is further way than ever and as yet never consummated.  


While the old veterans of the ANC today speak about the Anti Apartheid Movement having been the greatest thrust in the 1960s uprisings, the reality is that radical thinking during those days regarded Apartheid a civil rights byline, never taken seriously by radicals as a "front line for revolution". For this to happen the ultra orthodox role of the through-and-through Stalinist South African Communist Party stood in the way. In the US for example, Alan Paton was well known, as well as is Nelson Mandela today. Beyond the university rebellions there were "third world solidarity groups", saving pennies to buy food for the starving in Biafra and other poor countries, but these were generally regarded as "Sunday School" groups.  


So this intervention of radical students in an established anti apartheid organization and turning it upside down was rather unique. A booklet written by Kadar Asmal, commissioned by the UN Special Committee on Apartheid, on the status of the Anti Apartheid Movement internationally bears this out. Published in 1975 Asmal made special reference to the AABN as the most radical and vibrant Anti Apartheid group, also mentioning that in other countries where radicalism was the order of the day the Anti Apartheid Movement was shunned as a poor cousin and preference given to involve with the anti Vietnam War or Palestinian solidarity movements. 


What most observers miss, especially those who are in charge of archiving material relating to Anti Apartheid of the period, is the prefiguring role and ideological character of a student group within the broader Amsterdam student movement that played an interlocutor role to bridge the gap between itself and the CZA. This was not a process of design, let alone the culmination of a coup-driven motive of a few students, but a spontaneous rise of a radicalised AABN drawn into the whirlpool of radical events. There was clear break in continuity of the CZA to the AABN and a dramatic radicalization of its work after a small group of “rebels”, a group named PLUTO active at the University of Amsterdam, became active in the old CZA. What hit the established order in general with the gusts of renewal in the Netherlands, also hit the CZA from within. Considering the CZA it is symptomatic of such organizations grounded in establishment interests to become moribund, lose direction and settle out in some form of vertical management structure where establishment interests take over direction and determination of programmes. There was no "Damascus conversion" with the leaders of the CZA, but agency work from the radical student movement that impacted on ideological postures and programmes within and outside of the University. The reality was that PLUTO filled a gap. Had it not done so the CZA would have gone over the cliff and fallen into oblivion. Its salvation from oblivion was partly by serendipitous events, partly by default, and partly an organic process explained by none better than Antonio Gramsci.   


So certainly, after the “merger” of the CZA and the student group (PLUTO) there was an immediate galvanization which became palpably visible to the Dutch public. Press reports on actions which shook up the traditional CZA constituency hit as if from nowhere taking the rather massive membership of the CZA membership by complete surprise. There was initially a haemorrhaging of CZA members which was reversed once the AABN won media and institutional respect from left political parties. It was nevertheless unfortunate that the "barbarian irruption" caused friction which spilled over into resignations of key members of the old CZA board, like Professor Willem Albeda. Also being a radical movement secured in its own public space, it was unfortunate that some political parties vied to "take over" the original domain of the AABN. An initial contention concerned the stance on economic sanctions Against South Africa. While the idea of sanctions was not foreign with the people of the CZA as they were receiving much, if not all their information from the London-based Defence and Aid Fund as well as the British Anti Apartheid Movement (AAM), when the internal turmoil struck the CZA there were contentions to ensure that sanctions would not form the main thrust of the new AABN. Professor Willem Albeda, a developmental economist at the Economic High School in Rotterdam, published an article on how stupid and short sighted economic sanctions against South Africa were. He made a powerful argument that economic growth erodes Apartheid rather than undermines it. Remarkably, in the Dutch Labour Party and Trade Union component in the old CZA, there was a similar caution voiced by the British TUC that sanctions must not be at the expense of Dutch or British jobs for workers. Sanctions against industrial goods import and extorts were out; consumer boycotts were okay.

In conclusion, what has been portrayed as the "CZA being hijacked by radicals", was a perception and nothing more.  What was going on in the entire Netherlands and Europe generally, was a buckling of establishment organizations that were too hierarchically organized and glued together by ancient mores and practices. This was to a certain extent the case with the CZA. For the CZA to be against injustice in a far off land was okay. But keep out of sanctions that will cost Dutch jobs. In the case of the British AAM the same applied but with an additional complication. While the original Anti South Africa Movement in the UK was started by Jamaican emigres as a means to deal with racism in the UK, once the ANC hijacked the group the new Anti Apartheid Movement in the UK made a specific point of sticking clear of local, British racial issues. Reform in in a far away place was okay; but not in the British Backyard. Likewise, having any connection with the troubles in Northern Ireland was double trouble even though a considerable group of British Based Anti Apartheid activists did become active in the British Troops Out of Ireland movement. But they were isolated and scorned by a new type of dictatorial hierarchy whispered by background noises of the SACP. On the otherhand what the CZA wished to keep out of the front door, entered from the back and below.


The so-called “1968” movements, best represented by the uprising of students in Paris in 1968, was a wave of social unrest and reform that swept hither and thither, winds of change that were flattening out hierarchical structures wherever these stood in the way of people striving for an open democratic society. There were a number of characteristics in this movement which went viral. First, it was bottom up. Students, workers and even middle class people, felt that too many decisions were concentrated and taken in secret, over and above them. Their key demand was participatory democracy as a minimum, or a full re-engineering of establishment organizations as cooperatives as a most ideal objective. While there were a few massive movements that kept the momentum going, such as the anti War Movement Vietnam, in general the politics was limited to forming loose coalitions of like minded groups. Small autonomous groups converged for happenings and then dispersing when these were over. Keeping engaged on issues on the ground was the lifeblood of a movement which to many like myself, was thought to spring eternal Interspersed in the movement were small nodal groups that became the bugles for large assemblies, to gather around, mandated to organize massive happenings, and speak into developments which had boiled up reflected mainly the inhumanity of war in Vietnam. It was the time where the watchword was catalyst action groups driving for a fundamental democratization of society and toppling establishment hierarchies. The movement swept across from university to university, from labour movement to labour movement across borders like a raging tornado wherever there were democratic deficits acting like low pressure points attracting the next blast of raging winds of change. In the summer of 1969 the students opposed the undemocratic structures in the University of Amsterdam and occupied its administrative complex; in May 1968 the uprising in Paris causing a near-revolution and total collapse of state authority. Ultimately the aim was a total democratic transformation of society.    

The students union at the Amsterdam University (ASVA) played a central coordinating role among a whole variety of action groups, mostly organized within the different faculties. But there was no group that was dominant, let alone hierarchically organized, which took decisions and passed these down networked groups small or large. The foot soldiers called the tune. Among these groups that formed within the student movement was the Aktiegroep Ekonomen, a group whose ideas went viral and resulted in the occupation of the economics faculty of the University. This move set in motion reading groups to replace formal classes and curricula for an alternative what had been bequeathed by centuries of stale bureaucracy. And within this group again, a small group formed called PLUTO that discussed and kept tabs on economic developments especially with regard to the decolonisation process. 


Another characteristic in the movement was the tendency for groups to interact on an ad-hoc basis, sometimes longer term or even merging efforts. In the case of PLUTO the first kindred group which to interact between separate centres of learning was the Rhodesia Committee, set up by students at the Amsterdam Technical High School. Another group to come onto the scene was the Socialist Youth (SJ), a radical youth group of the Dutch Labour Party. The SJ had contacts with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and subsequently abandoned by their mother body. So radicalism against Apartheid in Africa was okay; but solidarity with the people of Palestine was not okay. Each group had to navigate its own waters and some, later many, fell victim to state repression. But all shared the spontaneity engulfing and sweeping together radicalism and even though engulfed by neoliberal reaction and smother for a few decades, the movement kept germinating in periods, first Seattle, then more issues inflaming human dignity regarding climate change, mass march against the powers that were huddled together in the W$$D in Johannesburg 2002, then the Arab Springs, currently the emergence of the massive occupy movement.            


It is difficult to make a statement like, the 1968 movements were basically Marxist. Yes there were a few staunch Marxist groups, the Aktiegroep Ekonomen for example, which remained small and limited to members in its own immediate terrain but not characteristic of the student movement as a whole. The more ideologically clear groups did however tend to give direction and build momentum in the overall movement. Individual groups had their own specific aims and interests but united in one effort as and when situations developed. Occupying the administration of the University of Amsterdam involved the entire movement. Common interest in literature provided the glue with Marcuse, Gramsci, Lucacs, Adorno, Fanon to name but a few, became international currency in radical circles. In the early 1960s, before the 1968 explosions, there were other authors and groups vaguely having the same impetus and popularity. Jean Paul Sartre was more or less dominant in the earlier  postwar period. Also important was a blossoming of the Situationist International (SI) inspired by the French philosopher Guy deBord, with flamboyance displayed in a new genre of activism. In Amsterdam groups arose in alignment with the SI to form the PROVOs who won seats in the municipal elections. These action groups focused on creating spectacles, like planting flowers on the roof tops of trams and buses, closing off streets and blocking out motor traffic, women groups like the Dolle Mina who had their own special ludicrous ways to demonstrate women’s power on the streets. And of course the PROVO's did not sustain in the municipal government as their only aim was to make that structure appear what it was, a ridiculous farce. In the later sixties the SI became less visible but threads of their thinking imbued ideological movements quite extensively. The spectacles were conceived to counter images created in the mass media and consumerism generated by the corporate world. Consumerism was understood to determine relations between human beings. In a way this early stream of activism can be seen to be manifesting itself with the current OWS mass movement. Barring of course that the OWS takes the bull by the horns, the dragon by the throat and goes directly at the super rich rich. The Occupy Wall Street is spectacular, a spectacle that may come to overshadow any other before it.     


The rise of PLUTO as an informal group in this complex of autonomous action groups was very much the way movements developed in the 1960s and 70s. Ultimately these movements surged and shook the establishment throughout the Western worlds. True, with the merger of PLUTO and the CZA a lot of the CZA’s establishment character withered as the autonomous nature of PLUTO impacted, but ultimately the AABN fell victim to establishment influences all the same. There were many U-turns that had to be made in the process of PLUTO’s further development in the framework of a more establishment-type AABN in later years. 


Actions spilled discussions, were broad ranging and hardly limited to South Africa. The continued exploitation of the Third World countries beyond naked slavery and colonial empires was a subject that was much informed by Frantz Fanon, and epitomised by the coup engineered by the US in Chile. In Europe the struggle of the Algerians was much closer to home than the struggle in South Africa. And of course, the War in Vietnam dominated mass movement altogether. The struggle of the Northern Irish was much more an issue in Europe than South Africa. No movement in Europe ever took “armed struggle in South Africa seriously; the struggle in South Africa was perceived as a Civil Rights struggle, much the same as in the United States. The single issue espoused by the CZA had to give way in a process that probably only comes to fruition in the aftermath of South Africa's birth of democracy. What we thought we were fighting for was not what we got. And yet, precisely because of the core of the Anti Apartheid Movements being a limp and ineffective ANC, the Anti Apartheid Movements thrived precisely because of that. Taking the Irish question forward, on the other hand was declared anathema by the establishment meda and state. When Chile fell in the first really aggressive blow of the neoliberal agenda it was widely spoken of but not much happened to unseat Pinochet.  


For the AABN and the Anti Apartheid Movements generally, the imposition of the “armed struggle against Apartheid” outflanked other issues, like Chile, Latin America in general, Palestine, especially after the Americans were kicked out of Vietnam. One wonders whether this was not a grand strategic design of the British to focus on one issue at the expense of others, and especially divert attention from the liberation war going on in its own backyard in Northern Ireland. Or to keep the lid on its own immigrant population in Britain. It is therefore also no wonder that the mass media has glorified Nelson Mandela as the “Martin Luther King” of South Africa. What has become of the “armed struggle” led by the ANC / SACP has become a basket of plastic heroes and nowhere has there been a comprehensive history written about the actual South African Armed Struggle. The reason is that there never was such a thing as an ANC armed struggle, in any case not much further than a few odd bombs thrown and the killing of a few policemen. Or the heroics of a maverick MacBribe who threw a bomb into a Durban restaurant but recently unmasked as a thug and a drunkard. There is in fact much more to hide, like the ANC detention camps for its own members in Quattro. Today we have the glorification of this mythological armed struggle continuing in an attempt to impose the ANC hegemony in a "nation building" project. It’s a very superficial hegemony project to maintain the dominance of the ANC as a liberation movement belied by its negotiated Western-style democracy, warts and all. Armed struggle, in the words of Ronnie Kasrils, was armed propaganda. In the aftermath of democratic elections held in 1994 the basic character of the South African state remained unchanged. Armed struggle has been reduced to a myth and too many public holidays. And yet, in recent years there are anything up to to 10,000 internal protests for lack of service delivery, lack of houses, generally speaking totally dashed expectations broadcast so loudly by armed propaganda. And some 10% of these internal protests turn violent and broken up by an increasinglt more aggressive and unskilled police force.  


The merger between the CZA and PLUTO, and especially when it became clear that the CZA itself was under the thumb of the AAM in London, was really a matter of expedience. Professor Albeda advanced a well thought out argument that in effect turned out to be prescient in the way that economic growth pressures led to the fall of Apartheid and replacement by a more liberal but at the same time more cruel economic system. Albeda got slammed and soon he resigned from the redesigned CZA. Looking back at the early PLUTO position on sanctions the criticism resulted in a more realistic type of solidarity between unions on a country-to-country basis. Not that deep cutting economic sanctions was abandoned. The AABN approach led to a more aggressive implementation of sanctions than those applied in London where it was limited to media and diplomatic action. PLUTO was dead against consumer boycott actions. Here a leaf has to be taken from the American Civil Rights movement. The rise of the migrant workers on vegetable and fruit plantations, under leadership of Cesar Chavez, eventually enlisted public boycott support to bring plantation owners to heel. This showed the way to go if similar actions were to be undertaken in far off countries like South Africa. What PLUTO regarded as important was that the Californian plantation migrants took ownership of their actions and carried the risks. Through their FWU led by Chavez they had confidence and addressed challenges as a collective. True, in South Africa trade unions were banned; but that means that much more thinking of strategy should have been employed to encourage trade unionism through international solidarity, rather than fighting their battlers without their direct participation, difficult though that was. Here Oliver Tambo proves to be prescient in establishing Okhela as a white group to bring into the fold the main theatre of white activism inside South Africa, namely the many vanguards trade union cadres. The AABN principle was was that sanctions only make sense as extensions in building trade union solidarity.


But getting back to how PLUTO manifest itself initially. At some point PLUTO, before its merger with the CZA, was approached by members of the SJ. They were proposing a “happening” in a small town, in the deep South of Holland. Their plan was to disrupt a South African water polo team which would be playing against a local team. Welcome to Bodegraven, 1970, to a small rural, with a mysterious history; sometimes being on the map, sometimes not, and centuries ago an outpost on the northern boundary of the Roman Empire.  The town has a rich mythology and many legends about wars, disasters and survival of a tough, very conservative people. And today the town is most conservative and home to a staunch Calvinist tradition. The SJ thought they had a mission there. If they were out to provoke and get a violent reaction they sure got it. This was to be a spectacle with a purpose, to poke with a vengeance against a conservative, some said backward rural people. As the SJ put it, "the town had to be shaken out of its slumber and brought into the modern world". Some members of PLUTO were mobilised and together with a much larger contingent of SJ members the posse set out for Bodegraven by motorcade, to somewhere between Leiden and Utrecht. The water polo competition had to be disrupted and the intended tournament to be held throughout the Netherlands smothered in the germ. On the spur of the moment the plan seemed reasonable enough albeit adventurous.  The intention of the spectacle was to poke an ultra conservative Dutch community with a dubious past during the Hitler occupation, and jolt the youth of Bodegraven to take an interest in social activism.


This action took place with success, the game was disrupted but with a massive unforeseen consequence. First, the Bodegraven youth were not quite the backward folk we thought them to be. In any case not in the sense of having no feel for self defence, protection of their town against the "reds from Amsterdam". Not so backward to stand idly by and watch this “intrusion” to go by unchallenged. They “counter demonstrated” their feeling of ultimate insult at the intervention from "Amsterdam”. They fought back and fought hard. They had the “intruders” fighting with their backs literally to the walls and fleeing for cover in bush and ditches and even an ancient little church. The scenes were amazing. The “intruders” were treated like coming from the devil, their posters snatched, clothes ripped off, and little piles of this “booty” taken outside the little church and set alight. Little bonfires were made and it seemed that a barbarian invasion was being stamped out in spectacular displays of wild dancing and running around screaming.  


But totally unforeseen was the media impact of the PLUTO/SJ spectacle. Having had success with the action itself, but having survived a bruising battle with the local youth and what appeared to be a well prepared vigilante group, we trickled back to Amsterdam by drips and drabs to behold that the news was carried in great detail on all the TV News networks and daily newspapers the next day. Getting publicity was seen as a reward for success. Good, soon many groups were out to make a name for themselves, gasin notoriety, spread their idiosyncratic messages, let me say newsworthy was soon equated with worthiness itself. Little did we realise that seeking media attention would, among developments on other fronts, be the beginning of a downfall of the 1968 social movements. This modus operandi can be related to the Situationist Internationalist who thrived on the idea that small groups can gain tremendous leverage by doing outrageous things and playing with the media impact. In short, as the "counter revolution" kicked off with many militants hardly realising it had, some were deformed by media images, some sections became establishment and grew out to become government funded NGOs, some set up for co-option by the very establishment manipulations that sparked their rise. Yet others were criminalised, members jailed and scandalized, most simply dissipated and the end of the 1970s the social movements of the mid 1960s/70s had lost momentum as social movements promising a better world that seemed possible.          


Almost immediately after the Bodegraven spectacle we were called by the CZA. As PLUTO was a leaderless group without at that time any public profile, flexible in memberships, in fact not much unlike the Situationist International which mainly one guru with a litany of loosely organized admirers. Not that Okhela was quite like that, but in amplification pervaded a whole of revolutionary action groups. The personality cult was more than such a national phenomenon to be found in the Soviet Union. It also existed as opportunity seeking personality maniacs should to build and maintain their own little nooks as leaders of a "revolutionary group". Guy De Bord, probably was such a person. I offer wonder whether Breytenbach, who grew up ideologically in Paris, was not a Guy de Bord-type activist. Of course, later the so-called "Baader Meinhoff" group was what resulted of the revolutionary Red Army Faction: swallowed up by media slanders and spat out as a gang of very bad people. 


Be this all is it may have been, Bodegraven swelled the PLUTO's media profile. For the CZA It was fear of being outflanked in the media and made irrelevant that was cause for them call for merger talks. The CZA needed a spice of revolutionary elixir and found that in PLUTO. But in return it was a kiss of death for PLUTO as the product, the AABN, gradually was swalloed up by other organizations, the funding from the Dutch Government, and ultimately gobbled up through infiltration by the South African Communist Party, poster movement for Soviet support of unadulterated Stalinism. 



What followed were piecemeal awakenings. The first was that we had not merged with an autonomous group without legal or administrative consequences. We became part and parcel of an existing organization which merely changed its name, but was a registered organization and a considerable mailing list of donors.     


Sanctions were a divisive and controversial issue. There were many London-sympathisers in Amsterdam who came out with all sorts of off-the-cuff remarks. Alan Boesak, then a theology student made his disdain known that “a white South African” is involved in the renamed CZA, the AABN. Funnily enough he poked, but poked in a most peculiar way – to get at this “white South African” who had apparently usurped his predominant position in the “anti apartheid movement” he set about circulating a petition against sanctions. With the PLUTO militants there was heated debate. First the issue of taking money from the government was cause for furious discussion that later in fact killed the group spirit that PLUTO carried into the AABN. The question of sanctions had us in heated debate hours on end; sanctions against Rhodesia were even more heated. Fighting for sanctions in a vacuum was in fact acting like pawns in the Dutch government’s foreign policy objective. By taking government money merely amplified this fact. The fiction of course was that sanctions were in support of the armed struggle of the ANC. This the original PLUTO members never accepted: the ANC was ineffective and riddled by spies, many created by itself through paranoia that stagnated this liberation movement. We were also saddled with the problem that taking on sanctions against Rhodesia made of us de-facto mercenaries of the British government.


So, in conclusion, PLUTO was a handy platform soon drawn into uncharted waters and reduced to a life raft battling to find its ways on a very rough open ocean. This then in the aftermath of Breytenbach's arrest in South Africa and the fallout among the ideological robber barons of the ANC. We were badly placed, or misplaced as whites in some really unexpected cross fire between ANC factions.   


Berend Schuitema

1st December, 2011